Week 7 - Digital Elevation Models in GIS

                The area I selected to run my digital elevation model (DEM) analysis was located in an area near Bakersfield, CA. The rectangle frame I used has these coordinates: 35.0403 degrees for the top edge, 34.7350 degrees for the bottom edge, -119.0117 for the left edge, and -118.5572 for the right edge. The map is created referencing the North American Datum of 1984.

                From analyzing the map, I realized there are a lot of steep slope changes occurring in many different directions. Also, being able to create a digital image of the landscape, the area selected does not have that much variance in elevation. To create the 3-Dimensional model, I had to make the Z-unit size very small in order to see a good presentation of the elevation.

                I did find it very useful to see all the different gradients that are used to display and analyze land elevation. Here are a few maps I map of the area I selected:

 Map 1: Shaded Relief Model w/ Hillshade Model

Elevation Model - Low: 162.6  High: 2443.68

 Map 2: Slope Map

Based on a 0-90 Degree angle Spectrum

 Map 3: Aspect Map

Shows the direction of the slopes: North - Red, South - Light Blue, West - Blue, East - Yellow

 Map 4: 3D Model of of the Area

Week 6 - World Map Projections - Using ArsGIS

   Here's a couple of map projections I found interesting along with how they skew the distances from Washington DC, United States and Kabul, Afghanistan. There are three different type of map projections, with two maps for each projection. All maps use the World Geodetic System 1984 Datum as a reference point.


Equidistant Map Projections:

 Map 1: Equidistant Conic Map Projection

Distance From Washington D.C. to Kabul: 6,972 miles

 Map 1: Equidistant Cylindrical Map Projection

Distance From Washington D.C. to Kabul: 5,065 miles

Equal Area Map Projections:

 Map 3: Equal Area Bonne Map Projection

Distance From Washington D.C. to Kabul: 6,738 miles

 Map 4: Equal Area Sinusoidal Map Projection

Distance From Washington D.C. to Kabul: 8,098 miles

Conformal Map Projections:

 Map 5: Equidistant Conic Map Projection

Distance From Washington D.C. to Kabul: 7,151 miles

 Map 6: Equidistant Cylindrical Map Projection

Distance From Washington D.C. to Kabul: 10,112 miles

                Even though it is agreed that the world is more or less the shape of a sphere, how do people visualize the earth? The use of map projections allows one the ability to unravel the earth and lay it out on any chosen surface. One way to understand the concept of map projection is to relate it to how when shining a flashlight on an object next to a wall, the shape of the silhouette that appears on the wall varies on the angle of the flashlight and it’s positioning with respect to the object. Of course the true shape of the world cannot be retained, so some aspects have to be skewed. Three main types of map projections are:  Equidistant, Equal Area, and Conformal map projections.

                Equidistant map projections preserve real distance from map surface to ground surface in a way where that the distance from the center of the map projection to any other place on the map is the same. The two maps shown above are examples of equidistant map projections. The conic map shows how the world is viewed if projected onto an area of a cone. The cylindrical map shows the world viewed if it were to be wrapped around a cylinder and unrolled. There are definite distortions of area on the map.  

                Equal Area map projections maintain the same proportional relationship to areas and help retain the actual shape of areas on the Earth’s surface relative to a specific point. From the Bonne projection and using the WGS_1984 datum, the projection of the world looks heart-shaped. The Sinusoidal projection gives a different view of the same world. The countries in the center of both projections look like their usual shape, but as one views the extremities of the map, it can be seen that most countries are warped based on the distance away from the central point of the projection.

                Conformal map projections are unique because they must keep all latitude and longitude lines intersecting at right angles, but do not necessarily have to retain area or distance. From the maps shown above, it can be seen that shapes and areas are retained locally, but not universally. The Stereographic map seems to be the most common conformal map projections and retain most shapes and areas on the map. But if looking closely, the northern and southern parts of the map are definitely disproportional and that can be seen because of the size of Greenland, Alaska, and Antarctica.  There is even a larger disproportion on Mercator map.

All in all, there are so many different ways to view a map and so map different ways a map can be viewed. Depending on what a person is looking for, accurate distance, accurate location, or accurate area, it may influence which map projection they decide to utilize.

Week 4 - GIS -Introduction to ArcMap = Interesting!

                After reading through the ArcMap tutorial multiple times, and working with the detailed examples, I realized there is quite a bit to this system. The tutorial guides users along pretty well to understand the basic functions of ArcMap and how to edit a map. With the variety of functions and tools available, it can be easy to get lost within the inter-workings of the program.  Here is an example of what I was able to accomplish from using the tutorial:

                I was able to create a series of maps that were all centralized around an area that includes an airport with a proposed expansion project. The maps focus more on the interaction with the estimated area where noise will travel from the airport, and the land and its uses around it. By seeing each aspect with a different layer, GIS allows users to have the feature of enabling or disabling a layer to avoid congestion on the viewed map.

                Geographic Information Systems like ArcGIS facilitates in the creation of interactive maps that allow users versatility and variety. The system gives organization to mapping and allows users to have precision and accuracy on maps. By digitizing maps and develop  the use of map layers, people can create almost any type of map they desire and represent pertinent data in a variety of displays.  

                There are some difficulties with handling GIS. With the amount of functions the program provides, it might be difficult to understand all the tools and keep track of what functions do what, of course the help section does give a detailed description of each function. I realized that GIS is only as useful as the data that it works with. Without real data that is detailed and organized in a certain fashion, GIS will be of no help to a user trying to create a map. Format really is key when it involves any computer software that only understands certain inputting formats.

All in all, I believe everyone who is exposed to GIS, would find it a great asset which can benefit them in numerous ways whether it's research, marketing, or surveying!